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Oslo
5
A visit to Oslo
www.visitoslo.com
www.visitnorway.com
The Norwegian capital lies incredibly beautiful at
the end of the Oslo Fjord. The city centre is cosy
and distances between attractions are short.
Oslo is also the capital for the fantastic natural
wealth of the country, and in the city there is
always a feeling of being very close to the open
spaces, woods and water.
Happy holiday!.
A visit to Oslo
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Oslo
6
Historical outline
Oslo is thought to have been founded in 1000 AD;
but the first signs of urban construction are earlier.
Founding of the actual city is thus attributed to
Harold Hardrada and his first installations in 1048.
The early constructions were at the mouth of the
Alna River, which was centrally placed for
transportation both by sea and into the country.
Harold Hardrada had a royal castle and a church
built here.
Oslo quickly developed into an important trade
center of the region, as well as ship building and
production of agricultural goods.
Eventually the town needed to be fortified. This
took place around 1300 AD with Haakon V
Magnusson’s construction of the fortress Akershus.
It was primarily meant as a shield against the
Swedish threat from the East; but Akerhus also
became the king’s place of residence.
In 1349 Oslo and Norway were struck by the
plague, where half of the population succumbed.
For many years the city was marked by the
plague’s destruction. Trade fell off; churches and
royal buildings fell into disrepair.
In 1380 the weakened Norway became part of the
Calmar Union and thereby part of the Danish
Commonwealth, from which it was governed.
In the following centuries great fires demolished
Oslo several times. Houses were often built of
wood with moss roofs, giving fires the best of
conditions. After the great fire of 1624, King
Christian IV decided to move the city to the
Akerhus fortress.
Christian IV wanted a modern city; and he was
personally involved in the city planning. The city
changed its name to Christiania and to avoid fires
the buildings were made of stone.
Christiania was laid out in the style of other
European metropolises. The streets ran
perpendicular to each other and were 15 meters
wide. A high wall of defence was built around the
city center, with access through the city’s three
gates. One can sense 17
th
century Christiania in
the part of the city called The Square
(Kvadraturen). The city’s oldest town hall is located
in this area, built in 1641. International trade,
especially with England and Holland, and
growing prosperity characterized the city in
the18th century. In 1716, during the Swedish
siege of Akershus, the city was also attacked, but
didn’t fall.
Through the 19
th
century, Oslo flourished. The
city’s university was founded in 1813. In 1814 the
union with Denmark was broken and Christiania
became Norway’s capital after Copenhagen. The
city was still not very large. It was first in 1830
that it grew larger than Bergen and thus became
the country’s largest.
The new Norwegian capital became the seat of
government and one of the residences for the
Swedish King Oscar I. In 1825 construction of
Oslo’s royal palace began and stood complete in
1848. Other institutions were also established,
including Norway’s Bank, the Stock Exchange
and in 1866 the Parliament.
From the middle of the 19
th
century, Christiania
experienced economic growth which attracted
people from the entire country who hoped for
better times from a life in the capital city.
Many installations and institutions were built in
the city, which with time could be called a
metropolis. Oslo city was expanded in 1859 and
again in 1878.
Historical outline
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Oslo
7
The city’s population grew from 30,000 in 1850 to
230,000 in 1900. Many were employed in the
numerous factories that grew out of the
industrialization, which also brought the railway to
the capital.
In 1905 the union with Sweden was annulled.
Christiania was once again the city of royal
residence when the Danish Prince Carl became
Norway’s King Haakon VII.
It went well economically for Oslo until the
outbreak of the First World War.
In 1925 the city’s name was changed from
Christian IV’s Christiania back to the original
name Oslo.
The country was occupied in 1940; and the king
and government in Oslo fled to London during
the war years. After the Second World War, there
was housing shortage in Oslo; and ambitious
building projects were initiated in the suburbs.
In 1952 Oslo hosted the Winter Olympics which
also included the famous Holmenkollen ski
jumps.
The 1970’s saw the start of Norway’s oil
adventure in the North Sea, which led to a very
solid economy in the Norwegian society, which
still can be witnessed in the modern capital.
Since the 1980’s there has been a great cultural
leap in Oslo, which has created a broad spectrum
of possibilities for its visitors.
Historical outline
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Oslo
8
Tour 1: Oslo
1. Karl Johans gate
T-bane: Naionalthheatret/Stortinget
Karl Johans gate is Oslo’s central and famous
business street and show place of the city. It was
laid out in 1826 and later expanded to a lovely
boulevard between the parliament (Stortinget) and
royal palace. A unique feature of Karl Johans gate
is that heating elements have been placed under
the surface so that it is possible to stroll here year
round, even when there’s snow everywhere else in
Oslo.
Karl Johans gate is named after the first king of
the Norwegian-Swedish union in 1814, the
Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, who was
crowned King Karl Johan.
2. Oslo Cathedral
Karl Johans gate 11
www.oslodomkirke.no
T-bane: Stortinget/Jernbanetorget
Oslo Cathedral was consecrated in 1697 under
the name Our Savior’s Church. Besides its
religious functions, the church tower also served
as a fire watch in the often burned Christiania.
Tour 1: Oslo
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Oslo
9
The church was renovated and significantly re-
built in the 19
th
and 20
th
centuries; but the total
appearance is still of the original church. The
pulpit is from 1699 and the altar piece, restored to
its original state, is from 1700.
The church’s stained glass windows were created
by Emanuel Vigeland in the period 1910-1916.
Emanuel Vigeland is brother to the sculptor
Gustav Vigeland.
Around the church’s eastern end in a half-moon is
a long arcade which originally served as the city’s
bazaar, constructed in 1858; and still in use by
various small businesses.
3. Parliament/Stortinget
Karl Johans gate 22
www.stortinget.no
T-bane: Stortinget
Stortinget is the name of Norway’s parliament,
which was established by the constitution of 1814.
Originally there was no real parliament building;
and the first meetings were held in the city of
Eidsvoll outside Oslo. Later on, until 1854, the
parliament gathered in the Cathedral School
(Katedralskolen) in Oslo and then (1854-1866) in
the university’s ball room.
In 1866 Norway’s House of Parliament opened,
which was designed by the Swedish architect
Emil Victor Langlet in a fine combination of
styles where Italian architecture was the primary
source of inspiration.
Langlet not only designed the building’s exterior,
but also the furniture inside. In the main room of
the parliament hangs the famous painting from
1885 of Norway’s first parliamentary assembly,
Eidsvoll’s assembly of 1814.
4. National Theater
Johanne Dybwads Plass 1
www.nationaltheatret.no
T-bane: Nationaltheatret
The National Theater is one of Norway’s leading
scenes. There are four scenes including the
original theater, the Main Scene, in neo-rococo
style, which is the most beautiful.
The theater was designed by the architect Henrik
Bull for the architect competition in 1891; and in
1899 construction was completed and the theater
opened.
Tour 1: Oslo
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Oslo
10
In the national spirit of the time, the opening
performances were by Holberg, Ibsen and
Bjørnson. In front of the theater are statues of the
famous Norwegian writers Henrik Ibsen and
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. The first theater director
was coincidentally Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson’s son,
Bjørn Bjørnson.
5. Oslo University
Karl Johans gate 37
www.uio.no
T-bane: Nationaltheatret
The university in Oslo was founded in 1811 under
the name of Royal Frederik’s University after the
Danish-Norwegian King Frederik VI, who
permitted the establishment of a university in the
Norwegian part of the Danish-Norwegian
Commonwealth. The university changed its name
to the present one in 1939.
Originally the university was spread out through
the city; and under growing pressure for a centrally
located campus for this important institution, the
area along Karl Johans gate was chosen.
The cornerstone to the new buildings was laid in
1841; and in 1851 the first buildings could be
opened. The old installations comprise three:
Domus Academica, Domus Media and Domus
Bibliotheca. The style is classical with column
supported temple-like portals.
In the great hall of the head building, built in
1911 in honor of the university’s 100-year
anniversary, hangs a mural by Edvard Munch,
created in the period 1910-1916.
The old Ball Room in Domus Academica is
beautifully constructed as an amphitheater, and it
was in this hall where Stortinget assembled in the
years up to the opening of the House of
Parliament.
6. National Gallery/Nationalgalleriet
Universitetsgatan 13
www.nasjonalmuseet.no
T-bane: Nationaltheatret
The National Gallery is the Norwegian National
Museum’s section for art, with the country’s
largest collection of art from around 1800 up to
today. The collection is comprised of Norwegian,
Nordic and international works, primarily
painting and sculpture.
There is a very fine collection of Norwegian art
and other Scandinavian and European paintings
from 1800-1950; among these are several works
by the Norwegian painter Edvard Munch.
Tour 1: Oslo
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Oslo
11
7. The Historical Museum
Frederiks gata 2
www.khm.uio.no
Here you can experience Norwegian history, from
the time of the Vikings, to the Middle Ages and up
to modern time. The collection is rich and
presented in a very exciting manner, showing
many fine archaeological finds as wells as rune
stones, sacred art and major treasures of gold.
The museum also houses an ethnographic
department where non-western cultures are
displayed. There is an Inuit collection from Roald
Amundsen’s polar expeditions, artefacts from
ancient Egypt and finds from Asia and the
Americas.
Even the museum building, constructed for the
purpose, is impressive. It is considered to be one
of Oslo’s and all of Norway’s most beautiful
buildings in Jugend style.
Tour 1: Oslo
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Oslo
12
8. The Royal Palace
Henrik Ibsens gata 1
www.kongehuset.no
T-bane: Nationaltheatret
Norway’s royal palace lies high at the end of Karl
Johans gate. It is said that the king, Karl Johan,
himself chose the location during a ride.
It was constructed by the architect Hans Ditlev
Linstow in 1827-1849 as the Norwegian residence
for the king of the Swedish union, who in 1849
was King Oscar I. The huge building, however,
was seldom used, as the king’s residence was in
Stockholm.
It was first in 1905, when the Norwegian royal
couple moved in, that it became the permanent
residence; and in that connection a series of
improvements to the palace interior was initiated.
The royal palace is still the royal residence; so
public admission is not permitted. However, one
can visit the park, where there are many sculptures;
and in the summer season there is ”Open Castle”
with guided tours.
The castle is built of stucco, with three wings,
built in classical style. The original plan was that
the castle should be built as an ”H”; but the
economy of the period dictated reduction in the
ground design.
The interior is in various styles, partly due to the
20-year long construction period. The ”Bird
Room”, designed as the antechamber to the
audience hall, is beautifully embellished in
national romantic style; while the Vestibule is
decorated in a regal classical style.
The most pompous room in the palace is the
Ballroom, which has an area of 360 square meters
and is 10.7 meters to the ceiling. White walls,
gilded panels, sky blue ceiling and the huge
chandelier characterize the room.
9. Ibsen Museum
Henrik Ibsens gata 26
www.ibsenmuseet.no
T-bane: Nationaltheatret
This museum is furnished as a living memorial
and story about the Norwegian poet and writer
Henrik Ibsen, whose works include Peer Gynt.
Henrik Ibsen lived in the apartment which now
houses the museum in the period 1895-1906. His
wife Suzannah lived here until 1914.
The apartment is beautifully restored with the
original furnishings. You can see Henrik Ibsen’s
study where he wrote many of his famous works.
The museum relates Ibsen’s work and also gives
an interesting picture of life in general at the time
of the poet.
Tour 1: Oslo
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Oslo
13
10. Victoria Terrace
Victoria Terrasse 1-11
T-bane: Naionaltheatret
Victoria Terrace is a large palatial complex, named
after the Swedish Crown Princess Victoria, and
constructed in 1885-1890. Its façade is 180 meters
long and with its dome, towers and spire, was the
most impressive apartment complex in the entire
country at the time of its opening. There were 124
apartments with modern installations, including
electricity.
During the Second World War, the German
Security Service and Gestapo occupied the
buildings. Today Victoria Terrace houses
Norway’s Foreign Ministry, who in 1962
constructed the building immediately to the north,
facing Henrik Ibsens gate.
11. Stenersen Museum
Munkedamsveien 15
www.stenersen.museum.no
T-bane: Naionaltheatret
Stenersen is one of Oslo Kommune’s art museums
and houses three collections which were donated
to the city.
The most interesting is Rolf E. Stenersen’s
collection of Norwegian art from the first half of
the 20
th
century. The collection includes several
works by Edvard Munch; works by Amaldus
Nielsen can be seen here, as well as Ludvig O.
Ravenberg’s collection that includes paintings of
scenes from Oslo.
12. The Town Hall
Fridtjof Nansens Plads
www.rft.oslo.kommune.no
T-bane: Naionaltheatret
Oslo’s monumental town hall is one of the
trademarks of the city, designed by the architects
Arnstein Arneberg and Magnus Poulsson in the
period 1931-1950.
Two square towers, 63 and 66 meters high,
dominate the building and stand in sculptural
majesty on the Town Hall Square at the head of
Oslo Fjord.
Every year on the December 10
th
, the Town Hall
is host for the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony. The
date marks the anniversary of the death of the
Swede Alfred Nobel, for which the prize is
named.
Decoration of the Town Hall was carried out by
some of Norway’s best artists, chosen through
competitions in the 1930’s.
The 39-meter long, 31-meter wide and approx.
20-meter high hall is dressed in marble and
embellished with motives from the city, country
and king.
Tour 1: Oslo
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Oslo
14
The beautiful Banquet Hall is the finest
representation room in the Town Hall. Portraits of
Norwegian monarchs and paintings from life in
Oslo adorn its walls.
The Munch Room, as the name implies, takes its
name from the installation by the famous
Norwegian Edvard Munch. In the room also
hangs a large painting by Munch.
Around Oslo’s Town Hall are many installations,
including the gilded Oslo Girl, the Swan Fountain
and figures taken from Nordic mythology.
Fridtjof Nansen’s Square in front of the Town
Hall is designed in very strict heroic architecture.
From the south side of the Town Hall, towards
Oslo Fjord, is a fine view of the buildings and the
fjord’s grand nature. In season, water buses run
from here to Bygdøy with its exciting museums.
13. Nobel’s Peace Center/
Nobels Fredssenter
Brynjulf Bullsplass 1
www.nobelpeacecenter.org
T-bane: Nationaltheatret
The internationally respected Nobel Peace Prize
is awarded in Oslo. The museum was founded in
order to give a deeper understanding of the man
behind the prize, the Swede Alfred Nobel, and
the winners of the prize through time.
Tour 1: Oslo
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